80. It is makrÙh to face the sun or the moon while relieving oneself. However if a person manages to cover his private parts, it will not be makrÙh. Moreover, it is also makrÙh to sit facing the wind, on the road side, or in lanes, or in front of house doors, or under the shade of the fruit-yielding tree. It is also makrÙh to eat while relieving oneself, or take longer than the normal time, or to wash oneself with the right hand. Talking is also makrÙh unless necessary. Similarly it is not makrÙh to utter phrases in the remembrance of Allah, which in fact is recommended at all times.

81. It is makrÙh to urinate while standing, or on hard earth, or in the burrows of the animals, or in water, especially stagnant water.

82. It is makrÙh to suppress or constrain one's urge for urinating or passing stool, and if it is generally injurious to one's health, it is forbidden.

83. It is recommended to urinate before prayers, before retiring to sleep, before sexual intercourse, and after ejaculation.

84. The following ten things are najis:
1. urine
2. feces
3. semen
4. dead body
5. blood
6. pig
7. dog
8. kÁfir
9. wine
10. fuqqa‘

85. The urine and feces of the following species is najis: human beings, and animals whose meat is forbidden (to consume) and its blood gushes forth when its vein is slit.
The feces or droppings of the following species are ÔÁhir: animals whose meat is forbidden to consume, but its blood does not gush out, like those fish whose meat is forbidden, and small animals or insects which do not have any flesh, like mosquitoes and flies.
Based on recommended precaution, one should refrain from the urine of animals whose meat is forbidden and its blood does not gush out.

86. The urine and droppings of birds whose meat is forbidden, is ÔÁhir, but it is better to refrain from them based on precaution.

87. The urine and feces of an animal which subsists on najÁsah, and of a quadruped that has been defiled by a human being, and of a kid (a young goat) who was nursed by a pig—the details of which will be elaborated later—are najis. Similarly, based on obligatory precaution, the urine and feces of a lamb which has been nursed by a pig is also najis.

88. The semen of human beings, and animals whose meat is forbidden and its blood gushes forth, is najis. Based on obligatory precaution, the semen of an animal whose meat is permissible to consume, but its blood gushes out is also najis.

89. The dead body of a human being is najis. Similarly, the carcass of animals that have gushing blood is najis, irrespective of whether it dies a natural death, or is killed in a manner other than that prescribed by Islam. As the blood of a fish does not gush forth, its carcass is ÔÁhir, even if it dies in water.

90. The parts of a dead animal which do not contain life, such as wool, hair, and soft wool, are ÔÁhir provided it is not an essentially najis animal.

91. If flesh, or any other part which contains life, is severed from the body of a living human being, or a living animal that has gushing blood, it will be najis.

92. Small pieces of skin which peel off from the lips, or other parts of the body, are ÔÁhir.

93. An egg which is expelled from a dead hen is ÔÁhir if a hard shell has formed around it. However, its shell should be washed with water because it was in contact with a dead body. As for an egg which does not contain a hard shell, considering it as najis is problematic.

94. If a lamb or a kid dies before it is able to graze, the rennet found in its stomach is ÔÁhir. Based on obligatory precaution, its exterior surface should be washed with water.

95. Liquid medicines, perfumes, ghee, soap and wax polish, which are imported from non-Muslim countries, are ÔÁhir if one is not certain of their being najis.

96. The meat, fat or hide of an animal which has been obtained from a Muslim market, is ÔÁhir. Similarly, it is ÔÁhir if it is in the possession of a Muslim who deals with it in a manner that one would deal with an animal that is slaughtered according to Islamic law. It is not ÔÁhir if the Muslim has obtained it from a non-Muslim, and has not investigated whether it was acquired from an animal that was killed according to Islamic law.

97. The blood of human beings, and of animals whose blood gushes forth when its vein is cut, is najis. Therefore, the blood of an animal or insect whose blood does not gush forth, like fish and mosquitoes, is ÔÁhir.

98. If an animal, whose meat is halal, is slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law, and a normal amount of blood is released, then the blood that has remained inside the body will be ÔÁhir. However, if the blood returns into the animal’s body, either caused by placing the animal’s head in an elevated position or caused by its breathing, then that blood will be najis.

99. The blood found in an egg yolk is forbidden to consume, and based on obligatory precaution it will be treated as najis.