920. To build or to repair a mosque is recommended. If a mosque is ruined in such a manner that its repair is not possible, it is permissible to demolish it and rebuild it. In fact, it is permissible to demolish a mosque that is not ruined, and increase its size to meet the needs of those who pray there.

1579. The precept elaborated in the previous article does not invalidate the obligatory fasts which are not day-specific—such as a fast of kaffÁrah or a non-specific nadhr—as it does to obligatory fasts which are day-specific. Hence, if a person reverts to his original intention (to fast) prior to Ûuhr, his fast will be in order.

921. To clean and illuminate a mosque is recommended. It is also recommended for one who wishes to visit a mosque to apply perfume, wear clean and valuable clothing, check the sole of his shoes for najÁsah, enter the mosque with his right foot, exit the mosque with his left foot, be the first to enter the mosque and the last to leave it.

922. It is recommended for one who enters a mosque to offer a two rak‘ah prayer with the intention of venerating and respecting the mosque. In fact, it is sufficient to offer any other obligatory or recommended prayer.

923. It is makrÙh to sleep in a mosque unless one is compelled to do so. It is also makrÙh for one to speak of worldly matters, to occupy himself with handicraft, or recite a poem that does not contain admonishment or similar content in a mosque. It is similarly makrÙh to spit out one’s saliva, mucus or phlegm in a mosque, seek out one’s lost property, or raise one’s voice. However there is no harm in raising one’s

1580. Committing any one of the following nine acts will invalidate a fast, albeit in some cases it is dictated by obligatory precaution:
1. Eating and drinking
2. Engaging in sexual intercourse
3. Masturbation, wherein a person stimulates himself or is stimulated by another person, through an act other than intercourse, causing semen to be ejaculated
4. Ascribing lies to God, the prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny) or the Infallible Imams (Peace be upon them all)
5. Causing dust to reach the throat, based on obligatory precaution
6. Immersing the entire head under water
7. Remaining in the state of janÁbah, Îayà or nifÁs until the adhÁn of fajr
8. Getting a liquid enema
9. Vomiting
The precepts related to these acts will be elaborated in the subsequent articles.

924. It is makrÙh to allow a child or an insane person to enter a mosque. It is also makrÙh for one to enter a mosque with malodorous breath, caused by consuming onion, garlic or their like, that would annoy people.

1581. If a person who is fasting intentionally eats or drinks something, being well aware that he is fasting, his fast will be rendered void, regardless of whether it is something that is usually consumed, such as bread and water, or not usually consumed, such as sand and tree sap, and regardless of whether it is a significant amount or not. In fact, if a person expels a fluid from his mouth and then puts it back into his mouth, eventually swallowing it, his fast will be void, unless the fluid dissolves in his saliva in a manner that it is no longer considered to be external fluid.

925. It is recommended for men and women to recite the adhÁn and iqÁmah before the daily obligatory prayers. They are not however prescribed for other obligatory or recommended prayers. Although, it is recommended to proclaim al-ÒalÁt three times prior to the ‘Ðd al-fiÔr and ‘Ðd al-qurbÁn prayer, if they are offered in congregation. It may also be proclaimed for other than these two prayers, such as the prayer for signs, with the intention of rajÁÞ.

1582. If a person realizes that it has dawned whilst he is eating, he must remove the morsel from his mouth. If he intentionally swallows it, it will void his fast, and in accordance with the instructions that will follow, the kaffÁrah will also become obligatory on him.

926. It is recommended to recite the adhÁn in the right ear and the iqÁmah in the left ear of a new born child. It is better that this be done on the first day of the baby’s birth.

1583. If a person who is fasting eats or drinks something inadvertently, his fast does not become void.

1584. There is no harm in infusing medicine into the body through injection, or anesthetizing a part of the body using the same process. The recommended precaution is that a person who is fasting should avoid injections which are given in lieu of food or water

927. The adhÁn consists of the following eighteen sentences:
Statements No. of times
اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ
Allahu akbar
Four
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّه
Ash'hadu an la ilaaha ill'Allah
Two
أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّداً رَسُولُ اللَّهِ
Ash'hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul'Allah
Two
حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ
Hayya alas salaat
Two
حَيَّ عَلَى الْفَلَاح
Hayya alal falaah
Two
حَيَّ عَلَى خَيْرِ الْعَمَل
Hayya ala khairil amal
Two
اللَّهُ أَكْبَر
Allahu akbar
Two
لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّه
La ilaaha ill'Allah
Two

The iqÁmah consists of the following seventeen sentences:
Statements No. of times
اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ
Allahu akbar
Two
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّه
Ash'hadu an la ilaaha ill'Allah
Two
أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّداً رَسُولُ اللَّهِ
Ash'hadu anna Muhammadar Rasul'Allah
Two
حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ
Hayya alas salaat
Two
حَيَّ عَلَى الْفَلَاح
Hayya alal falaah
Two
حَيَّ عَلَى خَيْرِ الْعَمَل
Hayya ala khairil amal
Two
قَدْ قَامَتِ الصَّلَاة
Qad qaamatis salaat
Two
اللَّهُ أَكْبَر
Allahu akbar
Two
لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّه
La ilaaha ill'Allah
One

1585. If a person who is fasting, intentionally swallows the food that has remained between his teeth, well aware that he is fasting, his fast will be rendered void.

1586. A person who intends to fast does not have to floss his teeth prior to the adhÁn of fajr. However, if he is certain or satisfied that the food leftover between his teeth will be swallowed through the course of the day, yet fails to floss his teeth, and later a part of it is swallowed, his fast will be deemed void.

928. The statement اَشْهَدُ انَّ عَلِيًّا وَلِيُ اللَّهِ (Ash'hadu anna Aliyyan wali'ullah) ({^“I bear witness that Ali (Peace be upon him) is the vicegerent of God”.^}) is not a part of the adhÁn, nor the iqÁmah. However, since the guardianship of Amir al-Mu’menin (Peace be upon him) is the completion of the religion, to recite it in any state, including after the statement اَشْهَدُ انَّ مُحَمَّدً رَسُولُ اللَّه “I bear witness that Muhammad (Peace be upon him and his progeny) is the messenger of God” is the best means of attaining Divine proximity.

1587. Swallowing one’s saliva does not invalidate the fast, even if its secretion is a result of imagining sweet or sour foods.

1588. There is no harm in swallowing one’s nasal mucus or respiratory phlegm, as long as it has not entered the mouth. If it has, obligatory precaution dictates that one should not swallow it.

1589. If a person who is fasting experiences thirst to a degree that he fears for his life, it is obligatory on him to drink an amount of water that is just enough to save his life. His fast however will become void. Should this occur in the month of Ramadan, he should avoid committing any of the acts that invalidate a fast for the rest of the day. Similarly, if he fears that by not drinking water, he will be afflicted with a significant harm, or doing so will entail a hardship that is conventionally not bearable, he may drink water in both these cases to the extent that the fear of the harm or hardship is lifted.