695. If a person who does not possess water, possesses some ice or snow, if possible, he should melt it and perform wuÃÙ or ghusl with the melted water. If melting it is not possible, and neither does he have anything on which tayammum is valid, the recommended precaution is that he should dampen his parts of wuÃÙ or ghusl with the snow or ice, and offer his prayer. However, he must offer the qaÃÁ of the prayer (offered with the aforementioned wuÃÙ).
828. If a person prays while carrying with himself a part of a carcass that contains life, such as a piece of meat or skin, based on precaution his prayer is invalid even if it is not a part of his clothing.
696. If some straw or similar substance on which tayammum is not valid, is mixed in with the sand or gravel, one cannot perform tayammum on it. However if its quantity is so insignificant that it is considered to have disappeared in the sand or gravel, then the tayammum performed on it will be valid.
829. If a person prays while carrying with himself a part that has no life—such as hair or wool, both of which do not contain life—from the carcass of an animal that is permissible to consume, his prayer is valid.
697. If one does not possess anything on which tayammum is valid, he should procure it by buying it or by carrying out a similar transaction, if it is possible to do so and does not entail hardship.
698. The tayammum performed on a mud wall is valid. The recommended precaution is that as long as dry earth or sand is available, one should not resort to wet earth or sand for tayammum.
830. The clothing worn during prayer should not be made from parts of an animal whose meat is forbidden (to consume). Even if the hair of such an animal be on the body or clothing of a person, his prayer is invalid.
831. If the saliva, nasal fluid, or any other bodily fluid from an animal whose meat is forbidden—such as a cat—is on the body or clothing of a person, given that it is still wet, his prayer is invalid. However, if it has dried in such a manner that its essence is removed, his prayer is valid.
832. There is no problem if the hair, sweat, saliva or nasal fluid of another person is on the body or clothing of one who is praying. Similarly, there is no problem if he has a pearl, bee wax or honey with him.
699. The thing on which tayammum is performed must be ÔÁhir. If a person does not possess a ÔÁhir thing on which he can perform tayammum, the recommended precaution is that he should perform tayammum on the najis thing, and offer his prayer with it. He must later offer the qaÃÁ of that prayer.
833. If a person doubts whether his clothing is made from an animal whose meat is permissible (to eat) or forbidden, it is permissible to pray with it, regardless of whether it was acquired in an Islamic country or a non-Islamic country.
700. If a person has certainty that tayammum on a particular substance is valid, and performs tayammum on it, realizing later on that tayammum on that substance is invalid, he must offer once again all the prayers that he offered with such a tayammum.
701. The thing on which a person performs tayammum and the place in which it is situated should not be usurped. Hence in a person performs tayammum on usurped sand, or pours the sand that he owns on another person’s property without his permission, and then performs tayammum on it, his tayammum will be invalid. However, the condition that the location of the one performing tayammum not be usurped is not legitimate for the validity of the tayammum.
834. It is permissible to pray with an oyster shell or articles made from it, such as buttons.
702. Precaution dictates that the tayammum performed in a usurped area is invalid. An example of this would be a person who strikes his hands on his own land, and then enters another person’s property without his permission, and wipes his hands on his forehead.
835. There is no harm in wearing pure fur during prayer, but based on obligatory precaution, one should not pray wearing the skin of a squirrel.
836. If a person prays wearing clothing made from an animal whose meat is forbidden, be it forgetfully or due to ignorance (of it being made from such an animal), it is not necessary for him to repeat his prayer. The recommended precaution however, is that he repeats it. Similarly, it is not necessary to repeat it if he is an excusable ignorant with respect to the ruling.
837. It is forbidden for a man to wear gold embroidered clothing, and doing so during prayer invalidates it. There is no problem however for women to wear them in or outside of prayer.
703. The tayammum performed on a usurped thing or a thing that is located on a usurped property is invalid, even if the person does not know of it being usurped. The same will apply to a tayammum performed in a usurped area, based on obligatory precaution.
However if the person forgets that it is usurped or becomes negligent of it, it will be valid, unless he himself is the usurper and has not repented for usurping it. In this case the tayammum performed on a usurped thing or a thing which is on usurped land is invalid. As for the case wherein he has repented, his tayammum will similarly be invalid based on obligatory precaution.
704. If a person is imprisoned in a usurped area, and the water and sand in the area are both usurped, he should offer his prayer with tayammum.
838. Wearing items made of gold, such as a golden necklace, a golden wrist watch, golden glasses, a gold ring or items similar to these is forbidden for men, and if a man prays while wearing them, his prayer is invalid. However, there is no problem in women utilizing such items in or outside of prayer.
839. If a man wears an item made of gold—for example a gold ring—forgetfully, or he does not know it is made of gold, or doubts whether it is made of gold or not, and prays with it, his prayer is valid.
705. Obligatory precaution dictates that the thing on which tayammum is performed should have some dust which sticks to the hands. It is also recommended to shake one’s hands after striking them on the thing.
840. The clothing of a man who is praying should not be made from pure silk. Based on obligatory precaution, the same applies to articles such as a kufi or a waistband. In fact, it is forbidden for men to wear clothes made from pure silk outside of prayer as well.
841. If a part or all of the lining of a man’s clothing is made from pure silk, it is forbidden for him to wear it, and doing so during prayer will invalidate it.
842. If a person does not know whether an article of clothing is made from pure silk or not, wearing it is permissible and there is no problem in doing so during prayer.
843. There is no problem in having a pure silk handkerchief or similar article in one’s pocket and prayer is not invalidated with it.
844. There is no problem in a woman utilizing clothing made from pure silk in and outside of prayer.
845. There is no problem in wearing clothing that is gold embroidered, made from pure silk, or usurped, if one is compelled to do so. Additionally, if one is compelled to wear clothes, and possesses no clothes until the end of the prayer time, other than the aforementioned articles, he can pray in such clothes.
706. It is makrÙh to perform tayammum on the earth in a pit, sand on the streets, and saline earth which is not covered with a layer of salt. If it is, the tayammum performed on it is invalid.
