1313. If a person who did not begin his journey with the intention of sinning, in the midst of his journey makes the intention to travel the remaining distance for a sin, he should offer his prayer conventionally from the moment he begins his journey with the new intention. As for the prayers that he offered in the shortened form, if the traversed distance is equal to the distance stipulated for a traveler, it will be valid. If it is not, the obligatory precaution is that he should repeat it if it is in its prescribed time, and offer its qaÃÁ if its time has elapsed.
The Sixth Condition: The person should not be a nomad, such as desert dwellers who roam the deserts, moving to any place where they can locate food and water for themselves and their cattle, and proceed to another location after a short period. Such people who carry their dwelling and necessary equipment with themselves wherever they go, should offer their prayer conventionally.
1314. If a nomad travels in order to locate a place of residence or pasture for his animals, he should offer his prayer conventionally if he takes his tent and necessary equipment along with him. Otherwise, he should offer his prayer as qasr.
1315. If a nomad travels for ziyÁrah, Hajj, trade or reasons similar to these, he should offer his prayer as qasr.
The Seventh Condition: Travelling should not be his profession. Therefore, a driver, a herdsman, a ship captain or similar persons, should offer their prayers conventionally, even if they travel for transporting their home furniture. This ruling applies when the common sense deems his profession to be travelling. For example, it is said that his profession is driving, or camel driving.
His profession should similarly not require him to travel, such as a person whose residence is in one place, and his occupation—such as trade, teaching, or medicine—is in another place, in such a manner that he is required to travel on most days, or—for example—every second day.
1316. If a person whose profession is travelling, travels for another reason, such as ziyÁrah or Hajj, he must offer shortened prayers. However, if—for example—a driver rents out his car for the purpose of ziyÁrah, and he himself also undertakes the ziyÁrah, he must offer the prayers conventionally.
1317. A caravan (tour) leader, such as a person who transports pilgrims to Mecca for Hajj, should offer his prayer conventionally if his profession is travelling. However, if it is not, and the period of his journey is short, such as a journey by air, he should offer his prayer as qasr. In the event the period of his journey is lengthy, obligatory precaution dictates that he should offer both the conventional and qasr prayer.
1318. If a caravan (tour) leader, such as a person who transports pilgrims to Mecca from a far distance, travels the whole year, or a great portion of it, he should offer his prayer conventionally.
1319. A person whose profession is travelling, only for a portion of the year, such as a driver who hires out his vehicle only in the summer or the winter, should offer his prayer conventionally during the journey for his work in that period of the year. However, recommended precaution dictates that he offer both the conventional and travelers prayer.س
1320. A driver or a salesman who usually travel two to three farsakhs within a city, should offer his prayer as qasr if perchance he departs for a journey of eight farsakh away from his city.
1321. If a stableman whose profession is travelling, remains in his hometown for ten days or more, regardless of whether he had initially made the intention to remain there for ten days or not, should offer his prayer as qasr in his first journey after his ten day stay. However, obligatory precaution dictates that others, whose profession is travelling, or are required to travel for their profession, offer both the conventional and qasr prayer.
1322. If a stableman whose profession is travelling, remains in other than his hometown for a period of ten days or more, and had initially made the intention of remaining there for ten days, he should offer his prayer as qasr in the first journey that he undertakes after his ten day stay. However, obligatory precaution dictates that others, whose profession is travelling, or are required to travel for their profession, should offer both the conventional and travelers prayer.
1323. If a person whose profession is travelling, entertains a doubt of whether he has remained in his hometown or another location for ten days or not, he should offer his prayer conventionally.
1324. A person who tours various cities and has not established a hometown for himself should offer his prayer conventionally.1324. A person who tours various cities and has not established a hometown for himself should offer his prayer conventionally.
1325. If travelling is not a person’s profession, and he—for example—owns some goods in a city or a village, and pursues numerous journeys in close succession in order to transport his goods, he should offer his prayer as qasr, unless he spends a greater amount of his time travelling than he does in his hometown.
1326. If a person abandons his hometown, and intends to select a new hometown, then given that travelling is not his profession, he should offer his prayer as qasr in his journey.
Eighth: The eighth condition is that a person should reach the authorized limit, meaning he should be at a distance from his hometown to a degree that he is no longer able to hear the adhÁn of the city. When he is no longer able to see the townsmen, he has definitely reached the authorized limit, so long as there is no obstacle in between.
As for a location other than one’s hometown, the moment one exits his place of stay, or the place where he remained for thirty days in a state of indecision, he should offer his prayer as qasr.
1327. The moment a traveler who is returning to his hometown hears the sound of its adhÁn, he should offer his prayer conventionally. However, a person who intends to stay at a location for ten days should offer his prayer as qasr until he arrives at his place of stay.
1328. If a city is elevated to such a degree that its people are visible from a great distance, or located in a depression in such a manner that if one were to move a small distance from it, its people would no longer be visible, and a resident of the city intends to depart on a journey, in order to be certain that he has reached the authorized limit (as elaborated in condition eight), he should travel to such a distance, that were it situated on plain land, its people would not be visible. Similarly, if its elevation or depression is more than usual, to be certain of having reached the authorized limit, one should take the normal limit into consideration.
1329. If a person begins a journey from an uninhabited location, there is no problem if he offers his prayer as qasr once he has reached a place where its residents would not be visible, if it had residents.
1330. If a traveler reaches such a distance that he is no longer able to determine whether the sound arising from it is the adhÁn or another sound, he should offer his prayer as qasr. However, if he is able to determine that it is the adhÁn, but is unable to discern its words, he should offer his prayer conventionally.
1331. If a traveler reaches such a distance where he is unable to hear the adhÁn pronounced from its households, however he is able to hear the adhÁn of the city that is usually pronounced from an elevated place, he should offer his prayer conventionally.
1332. If a traveler reaches a distance where he is unable to hear the adhÁn of the city, which is usually pronounced from an elevated place, however he is able to hear the adhÁn pronounced from an extremely elevated place, he should offer his prayer as qasr.
1333. If the sound of the adhÁn is unusual or a person has an unusual hearing ability, he should only offer his prayer as qasr from a place where a person with an average power of hearing would not be able to hear a normal adhÁn.
1334. When departing for a journey, if a person doubts whether he has reached the authorized limit or not, he should offer his prayer conventionally. If a traveler who is returning to his hometown doubts whether he has reached the authorized limit or not, he should offer his prayer as qasr. However, if from the commencement of his journey, he knew this doubt would arise upon his return, or if he is plagued with the same doubt in the same location during his return, he should take precaution and delay his prayer in his outward and return journey until he is certain he has passed the authorized limit, or offer both the conventional and qasr prayer, regardless of whether both the outward and return journey are within the prescribed time, regardless of whether his outward and return journey are both within the prescribed prayer time, or whether the time of the first prayer has elapsed on his return journey.
1335. A traveler who passes through his hometown on his journey, should offer his prayer conventionally once he has reached the authorized limit.
1336. If a traveler arrives at his hometown during his journey, he should offer his prayer conventionally while he is there. However, if he intends to travel eight farsakh from it, or four farsakh outward and four farsakh return, he should offer his prayer as qasr once he crosses the authorized limit.
1337. The location a person selects as his place of residence and living shall be deemed his hometown. However, if a person is born there, and it is the hometown of his parents, selecting it for residence in such a case is not a necessary condition. In fact, it will be deemed his hometown until he relinquishes it as his hometown.
1338. If a person intends to remain in a location that is not his original hometown for a period of time and then move to another location, that location will not be deemed his hometown.
1339. A person who establishes a location as his residence, and resides therein like a person who considers it his hometown, such that if a journey arises for him, he would return to that very location, even though he does not intend to remain there permanently, it will not be deemed his hometown; however the rulings of a hometown will apply to it.
