846. If a person possesses no clothing other than that which is usurped or made from the parts of a carcass, until the end of the time for prayer, but is not compelled to wear clothes, he must observe the rulings of those who pray unclothed as elaborated in article 803.
847. If a person possesses no clothing other than that which is made from the parts of an animal whose meat is forbidden, until the end of prayer time, and he is compelled to wear it, he may offer his prayer with it. However, if he is not compelled, he must observe the rulings of those who pray unclothed.
848. If a man possesses no clothing other than that which is made of pure silk or that which is gold embroidered, until the end of the prayer time, given that he is not compelled to wear it, he must observe the rulings of those who pray unclothed.
849. If one does not possess any articles of clothing to cover his private parts, it is obligatory for him to acquire it, although by purchasing or renting it. However, if one has insufficient funds to acquire it, or if spending money on it would cause him harm, acquiring it is not necessary. In this case he may either pray according to the rules of the unclothed, or bear the harm and acquire the clothing for prayer.
707. Four acts are obligatory in the tayammum that is performed in lieu of ghusl or wuÃÙ:
1. Intention
2. Striking both the palms on something on which tayammum is valid. Obligatory precaution dictates that both the palms be struck at the same time.
3. Wiping both the palms on the entire forehead and its sides, starting from where the hair grows down to the eyebrows and the area above the nose. The obligatory precaution is that the hands be wiped over the eyebrows as well.
4. Wiping the left palm over the entire back of the right hand, and then wiping the right palm over the entire back of the left hand.
850. If a person grants an article to one who does not possess any clothing, or offers to lend it to him, he must accept it if it does not cause him any hardship. In fact, if requesting a person to grant him or lend him an article of clothing is not of harm to him, he must request either of the two.
708. The recommended precaution is that the tayammum, be it in lieu of wuÃÙ or ghusl, be performed in the following manner: one should strike his hands once on the earth and wipe over his forehead and the back of his hands, and strike once again on the earth and wipe the back of his hands.
851. It is forbidden to wear clothing, the material, colour or stitch of which, is aberrant in such a manner that it becomes a cause of one’s humiliation, or it cause’s one to stand out and become obtrusive. If a person utilizes such clothing in his prayer to cover his private parts, it is not implausible that its ruling be the ruling of usurped clothing as elaborated in article 821.
709. If one fails to wipe even a small part of his forehead or the back of his hands, his tayammum will be invalid, regardless of whether he fails to do so intentionally or is ignorant of the rulings, or fails to do so out of forgetfulness. However one does not have to be very particular; rather as long the entire forehead and the back of the hands are considered to have been wiped, it will be sufficient.
710. In order for one to be certain that he has wiped the entire back of his hands, he should also wipe a part of the area above the wrist. However it is not necessary to wipe between the fingers.
711. The forehead and the back of the hands should be wiped starting from above and going downwards, and its acts should be performed successively. If the interval between each act is so long that it can no longer be claimed that the person is performing tayammum, his tayammum will be void.
712. In his intention, a person must specify whether his tayammum is in lieu of ghusl or in lieu of wuÃÙ. If it be in lieu of ghusl, he must specify the ghusl, and if he does so in a general manner—for example, he makes the intention that the tayammum that he is performing is in lieu of the first thing that became obligatory on him, or the second one—it will suffice.
If only one tayammum is obligatory on him, and he makes the intention of performing his actual duty, it will be valid even if he had made a mistake in determining it.
713. Recommended precaution dictates that the forehead, the palms and the back of the hands be ÔÁhir, if possible.
714. To perform tayammum, a person should remove the rings from his fingers. If there is an impediment on his forehead, palms or the back of his hands, he should remove it as well, such as anything thing that is stuck to those areas.
715. If there is a wound on the forehead or the back of the hands, and he cannot unbandage the cloth or similar bandage that is tied around it, he should wipe his hands over them. Similarly, if there is a wound on a palm, and one is unable to unbandage the cloth or similar bandage that is on his palm, obligatory precaution dictates that he strikes his palms with the cloth on the thing on which tayammum is valid, and wipe it over his forehead and the back of his hands. He should then do the same (strike and wipe) with the back of his hands.
716. There is no harm if a person has hair growth on his forehead or the back of his hands. However, if the hairs from his head fall on the forehead, he should push them back.
717. If a person entertains the possibility that there may be an impediment on his forehead, his palms or the back of his hands, and this possibility is considered reasonable amongst the people, he should inspect them until he attains certainty or satisfaction that no such impediment exists in those areas. In fact, should a trustworthy person inform him that no such impediment exists, it will suffice as long as there is no reasonable doubt contrary to his statement.
718. If a person’s duty is to perform tayammum, and he is incapable of doing so—even to the extent of placing his hands on the sand—he should seek assistance. If he is unable to perform tayammum even with assistance, he should appoint a representative. The person who is appointed as his representative should give tayammum to the person with the person’s own hands. If this is not possible either, the representative should strike his own hands on the thing on which tayammum is valid and then wipe it over the afflicted persons forehead and the back of his hands. As for the intention, the person himself should make the intention, and obligatory precaution dictates that so should the representative.
719. If a person doubts whilst performing the tayammum whether he has forgotten to perform a part of it or not, he should not pay heed to his doubt if he has passed that stage. If he has not, he should perform that part.
720. Having wiped the left hand, if a person doubts whether he performed his tayammum correctly or not, his tayammum will be deemed valid as long as he considers it probable that he was not oblivious while performing tayammum. If his doubt is with respect to wiping the left hand, he should wipe it, unless he has already engaged himself in an act for which ÔahÁrah is a prerequisite, or if maintaining succession (muwÁlÁt) is no longer possible. However, if he doubts whether he wiped his left hand properly or not, his tayammum will be deemed valid.
721. If a person’s duty is to perform tayammum, he cannot perform tayammum for a prayer before the time for the prayer sets in. However, if he performs tayammum for another obligatory or recommended act, and his excuse persists until the time of prayer, he can offer his prayer with that tayammum as long as he does not have hope in being divested of the excuse prior to the end of the allocated time. If he does have hope in it, offering prayer with that tayammum is problematic.
722. If a person’s duty is to perform tayammum, and he does not have any hopes of being divested from his excuse prior to the end of the allocated time, he can offer his prayer with tayammum even though there may be a lot of time left. However, if he has not lost hope in it, he should delay offering his prayer. If his excuse is removed, he should offer his prayer with wuÃÙ or ghusl. If not, he should offer his prayer with tayammum towards the end of the allocated time.
723. If a person who is unable to perform wuÃÙ or ghusl, attains certainty or satisfaction that he will be divested of his excuse, he cannot offer his qaÃÁ prayers with tayammum. If he does not, he can perform his qaÃÁ prayer with tayammum. However, should he be divested of his excuse later on, he will have to offer those prayers again with wuÃÙ or ghusl.
724. A person who is unable to perform wuÃÙ or ghusl can offer the nÁfilah prayers which are to be offered at a particular time, with tayammum, as long as he does not have hope of being divested of his excuse before the end of its allocated time. If he has not lost hope in it, obligatory precaution dictates that he offer the prayer towards the end of its allocated time.
725. If a person whose duty based on obligatory precaution is to perform the ghusl of jabÐrah along with tayammum, offers his prayer after performing ghusl and tayammum, and after his prayer commits an act that breaks his wuÃÙ, like urinating, he should out of precaution perform tayammum in lieu of ghusl for the subsequent prayer, and perform wuÃÙ as well. If the act which breaks wuÃÙ occurs prior to his prayer, he should perform wuÃÙ and tayammum for that prayer as well.
726. If a person performs tayammum because water is unavailable, or owing to another excuse, his tayammum becomes invalid once the excuse ceases to exist
852. If a man wears women’s clothing or a woman wears men’s clothing, in the case that they make it a part of their regular apparel, as a precaution, it will be forbidden to do so, and the use of such clothing during prayer to cover the private parts, based on precaution, will cause its invalidation.
727. The things that invalidate wuÃÙ also invalidate the tayammum that is performed in lieu of wuÃÙ, and similarly, the things that invalidate ghusl also invalidate the tayammum that is performed in lieu of ghusl.
853. It is not permissible for a person who has to pray while lying, to utilize a blanket or a quilt made from the parts of an animal whose meat is forbidden. Similarly, one should not pray on a mattress that is made from the parts of an animal whose meat is forbidden, if he wraps it around himself. If it is made of pure silk or it is gold embroidered, and the one praying is a man, or if it is najis, based on obligatory precaution one should not pray in it.
728. If a number of ghusls are obligatory on a person who is unable to perform ghusl, it will be sufficient for him to perform one tayammum in lieu of the ghusl of janÁbah, if the ghusl of janÁbah is one of them. If the ghusl of janÁbah is not one of them, he should perform a tayammum in lieu of each of the ghusls.
