1702. If an insane person regains his sanity, it will not be obligatory upon him to fast the qaÃÁ of the fasts from the period that he was insane.
1703. If a kÁfir becomes a Muslim, it will not be obligatory upon him to fast the qaÃÁ of the fasts from the period that he was a kÁfir. However, if a Muslim becomes a kÁfir, he will have to fast the qaÃÁ of the fasts that he did not observe when he was a kÁfir. These fasts will not be lifted from him—owing to his acceptance of Islam—even if he reverts to Islam.
1704. If a person fails to fast due to being intoxicated, he will have to fast its qaÃÁ, even if the intoxicating substance was consumed for treatment purposes.
1705. If a person does not fast for a few days owing to a valid excuse, but later develops a doubt as to when his excuse came to an end, obligatory precaution will dictate that he fast the qaÃÁ of the greater number of days that he feels were missed. For example, if a person who embarked on a journey prior to the month of Ramadan cannot remember if he returned on the fifth or the sixth of the month, obligatory precaution dictates that he fast the qaÃÁ of six days. However, if a person does not know when exactly he developed the excuse, he can fast the qaÃÁ of the lesser number of days. For example, if a person embarked on a journey towards the end of the month of Ramadan, and returned after the holy month, but does not remember whether he travelled on the 25th of the holy month or the 26th, he can fast the qaÃÁ of the lesser amount, which is five days in this case (assuming a month of thirty days). The recommended precaution is that he fast the greater number of days.
1706. If a person has to fast the qaÃÁ of the fasts from a number of Ramadans, there is no problem in beginning with the qaÃÁ of any one of the years. However, if the time remaining for fasting the qaÃÁ of the preceding Ramadan is constrained—for example, he has to offer the qaÃÁ of five fasts from the previous month of Ramadan, and only five days remain to the next month of Ramadan—then obligatory precaution dictates that he begin with the qaÃÁ of the preceding month of Ramadan.
1707. If the qaÃÁ of the fasts of a number of Ramadans are obligatory upon a person, when fasting the qaÃÁ he does not have to specify the qaÃÁ of which Ramadan he is fulfilling, unless there is a difference between the two fasts with regard to their effect.
1708. When fasting the qaÃÁ of the month of Ramadan, a person may invalidate his fast prior to zuhr. However, if the remaining days are not sufficient for observing the qaÃÁs, he may not invalidate his fast based on obligatory precaution.
1709. If a person is fasting the qaÃÁ of a deceased person, the recommended precaution is that he should not invalidate his fast after zuhr.
1710. If a person does not fast in the month of Ramadan owing to a sickness, Îayà or nifÁs, and then dies before the end of the month of Ramadan, or after it but before regaining his ability to fast, then there is no qaÃÁ for the fasts that he did not observe.
1711. If a person does not fast in the month of Ramadan owing to a sickness, and that sickness persists until the subsequent month of Ramadan, the qaÃÁ of the fasts that he did not observe will not be obligatory on him. He will have to give one mudd of staple food to a needy person for each day (that he did not fast). However if a person had failed to fast owing to any other excuse, such as travelling, and his excuse persists to the next month of Ramadan, he will have to fast the qaÃÁ of the fasts that he missed. The obligatory precaution is that he also give one mudd of staple food to a needy person for each day (that he did not fast).
1712. If a person does not fast in the month of Ramadan owing to an illness, and he is cured after the month of Ramadan, but develops another excuse due to which he is unable to fast its qaÃÁ until the next month of Ramadan, he will nonetheless have to fast the qaÃÁ of the missed fasts. Similarly, if a person develops an excuse other than sickness in the month of Ramadan, and after the month of Ramadan he is divested of his excuse, but is unable to fast until the next month of Ramadan owing to an illness, he will have to observe the qaÃÁ of the fasts that he missed. In both cases, the obligatory precaution is that he give one mudd of food to a needy person for each day (that he missed).
1713. If a person fails to fast in the month of Ramadan owing to an excuse, and the excuse is removed after the month of Ramadan, but he deliberately fails to observe the qaÃÁ of the missed fasts until the next month of Ramadan, he must observe the qaÃÁ of the missed fasts, and for each missed fast he must give one mudd of food to a needy person.
1714. If a person is negligent in observing the qaÃÁ of a fast until the remaining days become constrained, and he develops an excuse during those days, he must offer its qaÃÁ and give one mudd of staple food to a needy person for each day. Similarly, if a person has the intention of observing the qaÃÁ of his missed fasts after his excuse is removed, but before he is able to fast its qaÃÁ, he develops an excuse once the time becomes constrained, he must observe the qaÃÁ of those fasts, and based on obligatory precaution, he should also give one mudd of food for each day.
1715. If the illness of a person persists for some years, after he recovers from his illness, he will have to fast the qaÃÁ of the preceding month of Ramadan. For each day from the previous years, he will have to give one mudd of staple food to a needy person for each day.
1716. A person who must give one mudd of staple food to a needy person for one day may also give the kaffÁrah of several days to one needy person.
1717. If a person delays fasting the qaÃÁ of the fast of the month of Ramadan for a few years, he must observe its qaÃÁ and must also give one mudd of staple food to a needy person for each day, for failing to observe its qaÃÁ in the first year. However, as for delaying its qaÃÁ in the subsequent years, nothing extra will be obligatory on him.
1718. If a person deliberately fails to fast a fast of the month of Ramadan, he must offer the qaÃÁ of that fast and for each day he must free a slave, or feed sixty needy persons, or fast for two months. Should he fail to fast its qaÃÁ before the next month of Ramadan, then for each day he must give one mudd of food to a needy person.
1719. If a person deliberately fails to observe the fast of the month of Ramadan, and masturbates or engages in intercourse multiple times during the day, based on obligatory precaution his kaffÁrah will also get multiplied equivalently. However, if he repetitively commits another act which invalidates the fast, such as eating food a number of times, then only one kaffÁrah will suffice.
1720. After the death of a father, his eldest son must fast the qaÃÁ of his fasts according to the details elaborated in article 1398.
1721. If a father fails to observe a fast other than the fast of the month of Ramadan, such as the fast of a nadhr, then it will be obligatory on his eldest son to observe its qaÃÁ. However, if he was hired to observe some fasts, and failed to do so, the eldest son will not have to observe its qaÃÁ.
