2906. If a person who is fasting travels by air after sunset to an area where the sun has yet to set, then upon reaching the place, it will not be obligatory on him to avoid the things which break a fast until the sun sets, regardless of whether he had broken his fast at the point of departure or not.
2907. If a duty-bound Muslim offers the fajr prayers in his place of residence, and then travels to a place where the time for fajr has not yet set in, the obligatory precaution is that he should offer his fajr prayers again. The same will apply if he offers the zuhr and ‘a¥r prayers and then travels to an area where the time for zuhr has yet to set it, or offers his maghrib prayers and then travels to a place where the sun has yet to set.
2908. If the time for a prayer elapses in a person’s place of residence, and he fails to offer it, such as a case where the sun rises and a person has failed to offer the fajr prayers, or the sun sets and he has failed to offer the zuhr and ‘a¥r prayers, and then travels to a place where the sun has yet to rise or it has yet to set, then obligatory precaution dictates that he should offer the missed prayers with the intention of offering that which is due on him, which is more general than the intention of ad¡ or qa¤¡.
2909. If a person travels by air and wishes to offer his prayers in the airplane, then if he is able to offer the prayer facing the qiblah along with all its conditions, his prayers will be valid. However, if he is unable to offer his prayer towards the qiblah, but the time for the prayer is such that he will be able to offer it towards the qiblah (in its time) after disembarking the aircraft, then it is not valid to offer the prayer in the aircraft. However, if the time for prayer is limited, and by the time he disembarks, its time will have elapsed, then it will be obligatory on him to offer the prayer in the airplane towards the direction that he knows to be the qiblah. However, if he does not know the direction of the qiblah, then he should offer it towards the direction that he thinks is the qiblah. However, if he has no idea as to the direction of the qiblah, he may offer the prayer in any direction he wishes to do so, even though the recommended precaution is that he should offer it in all four directions. However, if he is completely unable to offer his prayers towards the qiblah, then this condition is not applicable to him.
2910. If a person boards an aircraft whose speed matches the rotational speed of the earth, and he travels in a westward direction, and travels around the earth for a period of time, then obligatory precaution will dictate that he should offer the five daily prayers every twenty four hours, and then he should also offer the qa¤¡ of those prayers and the qa¤¡ of his fasts.
However, if the speed of the aircraft is twice the rotational speed of the earth, then it is obligatory upon him to offer the fajr prayer at the rise of fajr, and the zuhr and ‘a¥r prayer at midday, and the maghrib and ‘ish¡’ prayer at the time of sunset.
However, if his speed is so excessive, that he completes an entire trip around the earth every—for example—three hours, then obligatory precaution dictates that he should offer the prayers at the rise of fajr, at midday and also at sunset, and in every twenty four hour interval he should offer the five daily prayers once again.
If the aircraft travels in an eastward direction, then in the event that his speed matches the rotational speed of the earth, or is less than that, it will be obligatory on him to offer the prayers at the rise of fajr, at midday and at sunset.
However, if the speed of the plane is greater than the rotational speed of the earth, to the extent that he completes an entire trip around the earth every—for example—three hours, then he should observe the aforementioned precaution.
2911. If the duty of a person is to fast whilst traveling, such as a person whose job is to travel, and upon the break of fajr and having made his intention to fast, he travels to an area where it is not yet the time for fajr, it is permissible for him to perform the acts which break a fast.
2912. If a person travels after the time of zuhr in the month of Ramadan and reaches a place where the time of zuhr has yet to enter, it is obligatory upon him to avoid the acts which will invalidate a fast, and he will have to complete the fast of that day.
2913. If we assume that a duty-bound Muslim is located in a place where the day is six months long, and the night is also six months long, but is able to migrate to an area where he can offer his prayers and fasts at the times prescribed by the shari’a, then it is obligatory upon him to migrate. If however he is unable to migrate, then obligatory precaution dictates that he should offer the five daily prayers in every twenty-four hour cycle, and also offer their qa¤¡. He will also have to offer the qa¤¡ of his fasts.
